You get the grade 2 and 4 beam chargers from space quests. Buy the grade 2 and 4 items off the GTN when you can use them. Don't bother with grade 1 or 3. Grade 2 will be fine until you can use the grade 4 stuff. And grade 2 really does have better stats than the grade 3 stuff.
I'd suggest doing the space dailies every day to save up fleet commendations. You'll need them for ship upgrades at levels 25, 35, 45, and 50.
As for crafting the upgrades, I see that one of the grade 2 schematics on the GTN says you need 90 cybertech skill to learn it. Keep checking the GTN for ones you don't know. The ship upgrades aren't available at the trainer.