Sith Warrior:
Which apprentice are you talking about? There's so much backstabbing and double (or triple...) crossing that I kind of lost track... ;-)
Anyway, since the "criminal" (i.e. the Sith who broke the "law" of not trying to murder another sith in front of witnesses) dies anyway, nobody really cares that he deserved punishment - he already got it, after all.
Sith Inquisitor:
Yes, Xalek TECHNICALLY violates the rules, but you overrule the overseer - and if a lord says "I didn't see anything", a lowly overseer isn't going to make an issue of that. Unless he has a serious death wish, of course... So for all intents and purposes, Xalek's record is clean.
In any case, while the sith DO have a few rules about outright murdering each other (not that they really care all that much about said rules), "might makes right" is the trump card. If you are more powerful than everyone else, you can get away with a lot. And blackmail/bribery are also perfectly valid ways to avoid charges.