1) Not as far as I know, although I could be wrong.
2) There are multiple difficulty levels, yes
3) Pass
4) Not yet. Guilds are still quite basic right now. More is likely to come
5) There are planetary commendations at all levels to spend on gear, as well as social points to spend on fluff items.
6) Sawbones Scoundrel has been likened to Resto Druid at the mo'. Can't say for certain about SPriest, although the Sage/Sorcerer may have a DoT tree, don't quote me on that
7) There are color options, but I'm not sure there's much else for customization.
8) All racial perks are social. In other words, no stat bonuses.
9) No attunements AFAIK
10) Yes, although I don't know about PvP servers.
11) North American here, can't give you any help, sorry.
12) I'm planning on that build myself, actually. From what I hear, it's all about energy conservation and HoTs. Sounds like a little bit of a learning curve, but I think I've played enough healing classes to be up for the challenge
Welcome!